How did Ernest Hemingway's books effect life in the 1930s?

Well, it is an interesting question and I am guessing that
you are asking how his writing may have "affected" life in the 30's rather than
"effected it."

I can't say that I would put much stock in
the idea of someone's writing, even someone as widely acclaimed as Hemingway, actually
having a large effect on the society or the lifestyle, politics, etc., of the times. In
his case, Hemingway wrote about things that other people had been hesitant to, but a
great deal of his fame and notice came after his
death.

Some might argue that his willingness to address
some of the troubling aspects of society in the United States after WWI was important in
bringing some of those issues to light.  He also wrote about his experience in the war
in a way that questioned motivations and even some of the actions of individuals and
armies alike.  This was a common reaction in the art and literature of the time as all
over Europe people reacted to the devastation and senseless death with a willingness to
question the glory and honor of warfare that was previously celebrated endlessly in much
of literature and art.

His influence as a constantly
studied and revered part of American literature is likely far more important and long
lasting than any real effect he had on life in the 30's.

What is the subject and conflict of Langston Hughes's poem "Madam and the Rent Man"?

The subject of this poem actually
is the conflict between the two voices.  The speaker is "Madame"
and she is in conflict with "the Rent Man."  He is there to collect rent but she refuses
to pay.  Several problems exist in the apartment, including broken sink, squeaky floor,
rats, and leaks.  Madame is angry that things have not been fixed, but the real problem
lies in the fact that the "Rent Man" is not actually the one responsible for fixing
anything. He's simply there to collect the money.  The real problem is that Madame's
complaints are not even reaching the right person, or if they are, nothing is being done
and she is powerless.

Likely this is a picture of a common
situation that speaks honestly and ironically of a bigger picture issue: the inability
of blacks and whites to communicate because whites were unwilling to
listen.

How were the constellations named and who named them?

Constellation refers to a group of stars forming a fixed
pattern visible within a particular region of the night sky.  The word constellation
also refers to the region in which a specific group of stars appears.  Astronomers have
divided the sky into 88 areas, or constellations.

One
popularly known group of constellations consist of the twelve signs of the zodiac. Each
of these sign is named after a constellation.

These
constellation have been identified and named over a period of thousands of year. For
most of these constellations we do know when these were identified and who named
them.

People of various early civilizations observed groups
of stars in the northern two-thirds of the sky, and named these groups of stars after
animals and mythological characters.  For example, the constellation Leo was named after
a lion, Pisces after two fish, and Taurus after a bull.  The constellations Andromeda,
Cassiopeia, Orion, and Perseus are named after characters in Greek
mythology.

Between the fifteenth and eighteenth century,
navigators explored the Southern Hemisphere and observed many other constellations which
were not identified till then.  These constellations were named after scientific
instruments and other things as well as after animals.  For example, the constellation
Telescopium was named after the telescope, and Musca was named after the
fly.

What are the main themes and the plot of The Shakespeare Stealer?

Widge is an orphan who is sent by his master to write down every word of Shakespeare's latest play that is being performed. He does so, but a pickpocket steals the copy from Widge. Widge then decides to steal a copy of the play and joins the acting group to get it. He's treated so well by the people in the acting troupe that he realizes he must decide to stand by his new friends or betray them.

Basically, the main theme is learning to respect others and yourself.

What does Lady Capulet think is the reason for her daughter's sadness? What is her suggested solution and does it help matters ?

I just want to add to the question by saying that Lord Capulet has moved the wedding date up because he feels that Juliet is distraught over Tybalt's death and by marrying Paris, sooner than planned, it will put an end to her woes. 

Lady Capulet feels that Juliet is more distraught that the "villain who slaughtered Tybalt lives."  Lady Capulet wants to send someone to poison Romeo and Juliet tells her mother if she finds the person to do it, she will mix the poison.  There is some indication that what Juliet says could mean one thing to her mother and another to what she actually means in reference to her and Romeo.  Lady Capulet then says, after she carries out her plan to get rid of Romeo, she has the real solution to make her happy and that is that Lord Capulet her father has arranged for her to marry Paris.  Juliet then gets into a verbal confrontation with her father and he threatens to sever all ties with her to the point she could be homeless, starving, ill, etc. and he still will not acknowledge her.  Her mother also tells her that she has washed her hands of her and if she doesn't marry Paris she has no more family.  Even when the nurse tried to stick up for Juliet she was told to go tell her gossip somewhere else because Lord Capulet said she is not needed even though she is the one that raised Juliet.

Source: the Language and Literature Book by McDougal Littell

In chapter 12, what does Ralph say to the twins when they refuse to help him?

First, he feels frustration and anger, but quickly realizes that will do no good.  Then he tells the twins where he is going to hide with the implication that they will lead the hunters in a different direction.  Then, finally, he asks them what will  happen to him once he's found.  He goes from trying to talk them into helping him to acceptance of his fate.

What is the significance of the butler's nose in The Great Gatsby?Why do Daisy and Jordan mention it to Nick? Does this relate to Gatsby in any...

Notice that Nick mentions the butler's nose in a later
chapter when Daisy comes to his house.  Daisy doesn't have any idea what he is talking
about, so Nick changes the subject.  This shows that Daisy just makes random things up,
like a child, but they mean nothing to her.  Nevermind that it is gossip about another
human being.  Everything Daisy does is for her own entertainment or in order to avoid
reality, and the consequences don't register.

Also, their
is a nose motif here.  In chapter two, the face of Dr. TJE on the billboard is described
as having a "non-existent nose."

There is also a focus on
Meyer Wolfsheim's nose, as well, and this is probably a play on the Jewish
stereotype.

All of this makes me think that noses have
something to do with money...Having a big one means you can sniff out a buck, and not
having one means you are bankrupt.

This isn't a fully
fleshed out idea yet, though, so don't quote me on it.