It is an immensely popular TV show in the US, but it also describes the process that the police forensic scientists go through in order to try and determine what happened at a crime scene according to clues left either by the perpetrator or other clues that were left behind.
Crime scene investigation is a part of most of the branches of law enforcement including the police, the FBI, the CIA even, and many other groups.
The idea comes from a more broad branch of science called "forensic science" which tries to determine things about a phenomenon or an event by clues that are left behind. A forensic pathologist attempts to reconstruct what happened because of a particular disease by the clues that are left in the body. A forensic engineer attempts to determine what went wrong in a building or other structure by investigating the remains.
A crime scene forensic officer does the same thing for a crime scene.
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