Donne's 17th "Holy Sonnet" can be paraphased to determine
its obvious "meaning," but it can also be analyzed to explore its effectiveness as a
poem. The poem was almost certainly written in response to the death of Donne's own
wife, who passed away at age 33 after having just given birth to their twelfth
child.
Donne opens the poem by saying that his wife ("she
whom I loved")
hath paid her
last debt
To Nature"
(1-2)
In other words she has
died, and although he speaks of his affection for her in the past tense ("loved"), the
poem's very existence implies his continuing love for her. She has "paid her last debt /
To Nature" (a standard phrase for dying, suggesting that we all live on borrowed
time).
She can no longer do herself nor him any earthly
"good" (2), since her spirit has been taken up into heaven prematurely and unexpectedly
(3). Therefore, the speaker vows to focus his mind entirely on "heavenly things" (4),
including his wife but including much else. Her death has reminded him of the mortality
of himself and of all living things, and so he is in a properly meditative state of
mind. Ironically, her death has thus done him some "good" (2) by making him direct his
thoughts to heaven.
Even when his wife was still alive, the
speaker's admiration for her whetted his appetite for seeking God (5-6). Her goodness
reflected the goodness of her creator, and thus her presence inspired the speaker to
want to seek out the divine source of that goodness, just as we can follow a stream to
its source (6).
However, even though the speaker, thanks in
part to his wife's influence on him, has found God, and even though God has helped slake
some of his thirst for God's love, he still feels thirsty for even more love from God
(7-8).
These lines are typical of much of the phrasing of
the Holy Sonnets, because they show the speaker directly addressing
God, as if in prayer. Likewise, the next line shows another characteristic of these
poems -- the speaker's tendency to ask questions, including questions concerning
himself:
. .
. why should I beg more love, whenas [that is, when]
thou
Dost woo my soul, for hers offering all thine [?]
(10-11)
In other words, why
does the speaker seek more love, when God offers infinite love in exchange for the
necessarily limited (because mortal) love of the speaker's
wife?
The final four lines of the poem suggest that God is
indeed a jealous God, capable even of feeling "fear" (11) that the speaker may not only
love "saints and angels" (which are "things divine" [12], but which are also
inappropriate subsitutes for God) but that the speaker may also give his love to the
unholy trinity of the world, the flesh, and the devil
(14).
This closing idea that God might feel "fear" of
losing the speaker's love may seem surprising, but Donne's poems are often surprising.
The phrasing here suggests the intensity of God's love for mankind -- a love so intense
that he was willing to sacrifice his own son to redeem fallen humanity. The speaker, at
the beginning of the poem, emphasizes the loss of a loved one of his own, but the final
four lines of the poem suggest that God himself is capable of fearing a similar
loss.
God feels what Donne calls, in the kind of
paradoxical language typical of his poems, a "tender jealousy" (13) -- a jealousy rooted
in love, concern, gentleness, and infinite caring.
For a
superb edition of The Holy Sonnets, see the ongoing
Variorum Edition of Donne's poems (Gary Stringer, general
editor)