Critically analyse the process of negation in the English Language.

English language clauses are negated at the word level
through the inclusion of a negating adverb. Negation is the process
of denying something or claiming it is incorrect or not true. Negation varies according
to the href="http://www.whitesmoke.com/negative-sentences">requirements of the
verb tense being negated as in, for example, the difference
between negating the Present Simple tense (I see that.
Neg: I do not see that.) and the
Past Perfect Progressive tense (I had been there.
Neg: I had not been there.) and the
Future Perfect tense (I will have tickets.
Neg: I will not have [won't have]
tickets).

To negate a clause in English, it is the
verb that carries the negation. Some various means of standard
negation are permissible.

1. (1) A pronoun can be
   substituted by the negator no: e.g., I
   called your phone. Neg: I called no
   phone.


2. (2) Use not or the
   contracted form n't after auxiliaries (be, do,
   have) and modals (can, may, might, would, will, ought,
   etc.): e.g., I was calling you.
   Neg: I will not [won't] call you. I
   might call you. Neg: I might not
   [mightn't] call you.


3. (3) Contract the Subject and
   auxiliary and add no: e.g., I have
   tickets. Neg: I've no tickets.
   


4. (4) Add never before the Verb:
   e.g., I heard the song.
   Neg: I never heard the song.
   


5. (5) Eliminate or contract any auxiliary and add
   never to the Verb: e.g., I have head
   the song. Neg: I
   never heard the song. Or, I've never heard the song.
   

Some English dialects and other language
dialects use double negation and cumulative negation that is not present in Standard
English. For example, Afrikaans has "Nie moet rook nie," which is directly translated
"No must smoke not," assigning negation to the assumed Subject "you" and to the Verb
"smoke." This is not present in Standardized English, although it was present before the
London dialect became prestigious by Shakespeare's time and then later standardized.
Chaucer's Middle English is an example of a pre-standardization English dialect that
used double negation. Cumulative negation is a collection of three or more negators that
make a statement emphatic.